the psychology of revolution- 第41部分

in　ruins；　all　was　to　be　rebuilt。　　On　the　morrow　of　the　coup　of

Brumaire　he　drafted；　almost　single…handed；　the　Constitution

destined　to　give　him　the　absolute　power　which　was　to　enable　him

to　reorganise　the　country　and　to　prevail　over　the　factions。　　In　a

month　it　was　completed。



This　Constitution；　known　as　that　of　the　year　VIII。；　survived；

with　slight　modifications；　until　the　end　of　his　reign。　　The

executive　power　was　the　attribute　of　three　Consuls；　two　of　whom

possessed　a　consultative　voice　only。　　The　first　Consul；

Bonaparte；　was　therefore　sole　master　of　France。　　He　appointed

ministers；　councillors　of　state；　ambassadors；　magistrates；　and

other　officials；　and　decided　upon　peace　or　war。　　The　legislative

power　was　his　also；　since　only　he　could　initiate　the　laws；　which

were　subsequently　submitted　to　three　Assembliesthe　Council　of

State；　the　Tribunate；　and　the　Legislative　Corps。　　A　fourth

Assembly；　the　Senate；　acted　effectually　as　the　guardian　of

the　Constitution。



Despotic　as　he　was　and　became；　Bonaparte　always　called　the　other

Consuls　about　him　before　proceeding　with　the　most　trivial

measure。　　The　Legislative　Corps　did　not　exercise　much　influence

during　his　reign；　but　he　signed　no　decrees　of　any　kind　without

first　discussing　them　with　the　Council　of　State。　　This　Council；

composed　of　the　most　enlightened　and　learned　men　of　France；

prepared　laws；　which　were　then　presented　to　the　Legislative

Corps；　which　could　criticise　them　very　freely；　since　voting　was

secret。　　Presided　over　by　Bonaparte；　the　Council　of　State　was　a

kind　of　sovereign　tribunal；　judging　even　the　actions　of

ministers。＇9＇







＇9＇　Napoleon　naturally　often　overruled　the　Council　of　State；　but

by　no　means　always　did　so。　　In　one　instance；　reported　in　the

Memorial　de　Sainte…Helene；　he　was　the　only　one　of　his　own

opinion；　and　accepted　that　of　the　majority　in　the　following

terms：　　‘‘Gentlemen；　matters　are　decided　here　by　majority；　and

being　alone；　I　must　give　way；　but　I　declare　that　in　my　conscience

I　yield　only　to　form。　　You　have　reduced　me　to　silence；　but　in　no

way　convinced　me。''



Another　day　the　Emperor；　interrupted　three　times　in　the

expression　of　his　opinion；　addressed　himself　to　the　speaker　who

had　just　interrupted　him：　　‘‘Sir；　I　have　not　yet　finished；　I　beg

you　to　allow　me　to　continue。　　After　all；　it　seems　to　me　that

every　one　has　a　perfect　right　to　express　his　opinion　here。''



‘‘The　Emperor；　contrary　to　the　accepted　opinion；　was　so　far　from

absolute；　and　so　easy　with　his　Council　of　State；　that　he　often

resumed　a　discussion；　or　even　annulled　a　decision；　because　one　of

the　members　of　the　Council　had　since；　in　private；　given　him　fresh

reasons；　or　had　urged　that　the　Emperor's　personal　opinion　had

influenced　the　majority。''









The　new　master　had　great　confidence　in　this　Council；　as　it　was

composed　more　particularly　of　eminent　jurists；　each　of　whom　dealt

with　his　own　speciality。　　He　was　too　good　a　psychologist　not　to

entertain　the　greatest　suspicion　of　large　and　incompetent

assemblies　of　popular　origin；　whose　disastrous　results　had　been

obvious　to　him　during　the　whole　of　the　Revolution。



Wishing　to　govern　for　the　people；　but　never　with　its　assistance；

Bonaparte　accorded　it　no　part　in　the　government；　reserving　to　it

only　the　right　of　voting；　once　for　all；　for　or　against　the

adoption　of　the　new　Constitution。　　He　only　in　rare　instances　had

recourse　to　universal　suffrage。　　The　members　of　the　Legislative

Corps　recruited　themselves；　and　were　not　elected　by　the　people。



In　creating　a　Constitution　intended　solely　to　fortify　his　own

power；　the　First　Consul　had　no　illusion　that　it　would　serve　to

restore　the　country。　　Consequently；　while　he　was　drafting　it　he

also　undertook　the　enormous　task　of　the　administrative；　judicial；

and　financial　reorganisation　of　France。　　The　various　powers　were

centralised　in　Paris。　　Each　department　was　directed　by　a　prefect；

assisted　by　a　consul…general；　the　arrondissement　by　a　sub…

prefect；　assisted　by　a　council；　the　commune　by　a　mayor；　assisted

by　a　municipal　council。　　All　were　appointed　by　the　ministers；　and

not　by　election；　as　under　the　Republic。



This　system；　which　created　the　omnipotent　State　and　a　powerful

centralisation；　was　retained　by　all　subsequent　Governments　and　is

preserved　to…day。　　Centralisation　being；　in　spite　of　its

drawbacks；　the　only　means　of　avoiding　local　tyrannies　in　a

country　profoundly　divided　within　itself；　has　always　been

maintained。



This　organisation；　based　on　a　profound　knowledge　of　the　soul　of

the　French　people；　immediately　restored　that　tranquillity　and

order　which　had　for　so　long　been　unknown。



To　complete　the　mental　pacification　of　the　country；　the　political

exiles　were　recalled　and　the　churches　restored　to　the　faithful。



Continuing　to　rebuild　the　social　edifice；　Bonaparte　busied

himself　also　with　the　drafting　of　a　code；　the　greater　part　of

which　consisted　of　customs　borrowed　from　the　ancien　regime。　

It　was；　as　has　been　said；　a　sort　of　transition　or　compromise

between　the　old　law　and　the　new。



Considering　the　enormous　task　accomplished　by　the　First　Consul　in

so　short　a　time；　we　realise　that　he　had　need；　before　all；　of　a

Constitution　according　him　absolute　power。　　If　all　the　measures

by　which　he　restored　France　had　been　submitted　to　assemblies　of

attorneys；　he　could　never　have　extricated　the　country　from　the

disorder　into　which　it　had　fallen。



The　Constitution　of　the　year　VIII。　obviously　transformed　the

Republic　into　a　monarchy　at　least　as　absolute　as　the　‘‘Divine

right''　monarchy　of　Louis　XIV。　　Being　the　only　Constitution

adapted　to　the　needs　of　the　moment；　it　represented　a

psychological　necessity。





3。　　Psychological　Elements　which　determined　the　Success　of　the

Work　of　the　Consulate。





All　the　external　forces　which　act　upon　meneconomic；　historical；

geographical；　&c。may　be　finally　translated　into　psychological

forces。　　These　psychological　forces　a　ruler　must　understand　in

order　to　govern。　　The　Revolutionary　Assemblies　were　completely

ignorant　of　them；　Bonaparte　knew　how　to　employ　them。



The　various　Assemblies；　the　Convention　notably；　were　composed　of

conflicting　parties。　　Napoleon　understood　that　to　dominate　them

he　must　not　belong　to　any　one　of　these　parties。　　Very　well　aware

that　the　value　of　a　country　is　disseminated　among　the　superior

intelligences　of　the　various　parties；　he　tried　to　utilise　them

all。　　His　agents　of　governmentministers；　priests；　magistrates；

&c。were　taken　indifferently　from　among　the　Liberals；　Royalists；

Jacobites；　&c。；　having　regard　only　to　their　capacities。



While　accepting　the　assistance　of　men　of　the　ancien　regime；

Bonaparte　took　care　to　make　it　understood　that　he　intended　to

maintain　the　fundamental　principles　of　the　Revolution。　

Nevertheless　many　Royalists　rallied　round　the　new　Government。



One　of　the　most　remarkable　feats　of　the　Consulate；　from　the

psychological　point　of　view；　was　the　restoration　of　religious

peace。　　France　was　far　more　divided　by　religious　disagreement

than　by　political　differences。　　The　systematic　destruction　of　a

portion　of　the　Vendee　had　almost　completely　terminated　the

struggle　by　force　of　arms；　but　without　pacifying　men's　minds。　　As

only　one　man；　and　he　the　head　of　Christianity；　could　assist　in

this　pacification；　Bonaparte　did　not　hesitate　to　treat　with　him。　

His　concordat　was　the　work　of　a　real　psychologist；　who　knew　that

moral　forces　do　not　use　violence；　and　the　great　danger　of

persecuting　such。　　While　conciliating　the　clergy　he　contrived　to

place　them　under　his　own　domination。　　The　bishops　were　to

be　appointed　and　remunerated　by　the　State；　so　that　he　would　still

be　master。



The　religious　policy　of　Napoleon　had　a　bearing　which　escapes　our

modern　Jacobins。　　Blinded　by　their　narrow　fanaticism；　they　do　not

understand　that　to　detach　the　Church　from　the　Government　is　to

create　a　state　within　the　State；　so　that　they　are　liable　to　find

themselves　opposed　by　a　formidable　caste；　directed　by　a　master

outside　France；　and　necessarily　hostile　to　France。　　To　give　one's

enemies　a　liberty　they　did　not　possess　is　extremely　dangerous。　

Never　would　Napoleon；　nor　any　of　the　sovereigns　who　preceded　him；

have　consented　to　make　the　clergy　independent　of　the　State；　as

they　have　become　to…day。



The　difficulties　of　Bonaparte　the　First　Consul　were　far　greater

than　those　he　had　to　surmount　after　his　coronation。　　Only　a

profound　knowledge　of　men　enabled　him　to　triumph　over　them。　　The

future　master　was　far　from　being　the　master　as　yet。　　Many

departments　were　still　in　insurrection。　　Brigandage　persisted；

and　the　Midi　was　ravaged　by　the　struggles　of　partisans。　

Bonaparte；　as　Consul；　had　to　conciliate　and　handle　Talleyrand；

Fouche；　and　a　number　of　generals　who　thought　themselves　his

equal。　　Even　his　brothers　conspired　against　his　power。　　Napoleon；

as　Emperor；　had　no　hostile　party　to　face；　but　as　Consul　he　

had　to　combat　all　the　parties　and　to　hold　the　balance　equal　among

them。　　This　must　indeed　have　been　a　difficult　task；　since　during

the　last　century　very　few　Governments　have　succeeded　in

accomplishing　it。



The　success　of　such　an　undertaking　demanded　an　extremely　subtle

mixture　of　finesse；　firmness；　and　diplomacy。　　Not　feeling

himself　powerful　enough　as　yet；　Bonaparte　the　Consul　made　a　rule；

according　to　his　own　expression；　‘‘of　governing　men　as　the

greater　number　wish　to　be　governed。''　　As　Emperor　he　often

managed　to　govern　them　according　to　his　own　ideal。



We　have　travelled　a　long　way　since　the　time　when　historians；　in

their　singular　blindness；　and　great　poets；　who　possessed　more

talent　than　psychology；　would　hold　forth　in　indignant　accents

against　the　coup　d'etat　of　Brumaire。　　What　profound

illusions　underlay　the　assertion　that　‘‘France　lay　fair　in

Messidor's　great　sun''！　　And　other　illusions　no　less　profound

underlay　such　verdicts　as　that　o